RESUMEN: La escala Matrices Progresivas General de Raven es un test utilizado en los procesos de admisión de los programas de talento académico en Chile. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala Raven en una amplia muestra de estudiantes utilizando la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). Se administró la prueba a 935 estudiantes participantes del proceso de admisión de un programa de talentos académicos. Los resultados muestran que la escala total no se ajusta a un modelo unidimensional. Los análisis por separado muestran que sólo las subescalas D y E presentan un ajuste adecuado. Los análisis de ambas subescalas muestran un adecuado ajuste al modelo TRI y no presentan funcionamiento diferencial por sexo. Se discuten las implicancias de la presencia de dos factores y se proponen como una versión reducida para procesos de admisión de programas de talento académico.

ABSTRACT: Raven's General Progressive Matrices scale is a test used in the admission processes of academic talent programs in Chile. The present study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Raven scale in a large sample of students using the Item Response Theory (IRT). The test was administered to 935 students participating in the admission process to an academic talent program. The results show that the full scale does not fit a one-dimensional model. Separate analyzes show that only the D and E scales show adequate fit. The analysis of both subscales shows a proper fit to the two-parameter IRT model and it doesn´t show differential functioning by gender. The implications of the presence of two factors are discussed and its use is proposed as a reduced version to the admission process of academic talent programs.

Abstract Background: Acculturation stress is associated with poorer physical and mental health and a lower level of psychological well-being. The causes of acculturation stress are diverse, but most are similar in the migrant population. Despite the importance of evaluating this variable, few studies have reported culturally adapted and validated instruments for specific populations. Based on this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of a short scale for the evaluation of acculturation stress (EBEA). Methods: Two studies were conducted, involving 1725 first-generation Colombian and Peruvian migrants living in Chile, between the ages of 18 and 60 years. In addition to the EBEA and as evidence of validity, the Beck Anxiety Scale and the WHOQOL-BREF psychological health domain were applied. A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out, and the reliability and nomological validity were evaluated. Results: The results in both studies indicated that the scale presents a factorial structure of three dimensions: (a) the stress derived from the preparation and departure from the country of origin, (b) the stress produced by socioeconomic concerns in the host country, and (c) the tensions typical of adaptation to sociocultural changes or Chilean society. The reliability coefficients and the analysis of their nomological validity were very good. Conclusions: The EBEA is a measure that offers quick, useful screening for researchers who need a short measure for research among migrants. This tool contributes to the work of education, prevention, and intervention in the field of general health and migrants' mental health.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Orientación hacia la Dominancia Social (SDO), en una muestra no universitaria de la ciudad de Arica, Chile, implementando técnicas psicométricas de acuerdo con el estado del arte disciplinar. El muestreo fue no probabilístico, por conveniencia y disponibilidad de 812 participantes, entre edades de 18 a 89 años. Se realizaron estimaciones de fiabilidad, análisis factoriales confirmatorios y modelos de ecuaciones estructurales exploratorios, contrastando diferentes modelos. Los resultados proporcionaron evidencia de validez basada en la estructura interna de la prueba, presentando buen ajuste de la estructura de la SDO (RMSEA=.076; CFI=.963; TLI=.956), y adecuados niveles estimados de fiabilidad (Oposición a la Igualdad: α=.85, ω=.84; Dominancia Grupal: α =.67, ω =.66). Finalmente, se concluye que las puntuaciones de la escala SDO poseen evidencia suficiente para sustentar su uso e interpretación, en población no universitaria equivalente a la del presente estudio.

Abstract The objective of this research is to analyze the psychometric properties of the Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) Scale in a non-university sample of the city of Arica, Chile, implementing psychometric techniques according to the state of disciplinary art. The sampling was non-probabilistic due to the convenience and availability of 812 participants in a range of ages from 18 to 89 years. To contrast different models were performed reliability estimates, confirmatory factorial analyses, and exploratory structural equation models. The results provided evidence of validity based on the internal structure of the test, presenting good adjustment of the SDO structure (RMSEA=.076; CFI=.963; TLI=.956), and estimated adequate levels of reliability (Opposition to the Equality: α=.85, ω=.84, Group dominance: α =.67, ω =.66). Finally, the research concluded that the scores of the SDO scale have sufficient evidence to support its use and interpretation, in a non-university population equivalent to that of the present study.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar una revisión sistemática de los estudios empíricos que han reportado el uso de la teoría de fusión de identidad. Para esto, la revisión siguió los lineamientos y recomendaciones de la declaración PRISMA. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Willey Online Library, EBSCO y JSTORE. En total, se revisaron 52 estudios empíricos, en español y en inglés, publicados entre los años 2009 y 2018, que cumplían con los criterios de selección. La mayoría de los estudios dan evidencia de que la fusión de identidad es un fuerte predictor de conductas extremas de sacrificio por el grupo, y también, se ha asociado generalmente a variables como la identificación con el grupo, el compromiso grupal, el apoyo social percibido, la lealtad incluso en condiciones de ostracismo, los sentimientos, afectos y emociones hacia el grupo, y la percepción de parentesco, entre otras. Al final se discuten sus implicaciones y limitaciones.

Abstract The objective of the present investigation was to conduct a systematic review of empirical studies that have reported the use of identity fusion theory. The review followed guidelines and recommendations of the PRISMA statement. The following databases were used Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Willey Online Library, EBSCO and JSTORE databases. Empirical studies were selected, in Spanish and English that were published between 2009 and 2018. 52 articles were found that met the selection criteria. Most studies give evidence that identity fusion is a strong predictor of extreme sacrifice behaviors by the group. Likewise, identity fusion has generally been associated with variables such as: identification with the group, group commitment, perceived social support, loyalty even in ostracized conditions, feelings, affects and emotions towards the group, perception of kinship, among other. Its implications and limitations are discussed.

Resumen El propósito del presente estudio es examinar la relación entre diversas variables como predictores del prejuicio racista (sutil y manifiesto) y proponer un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que exprese adecuadamente su relación. Estas variables incluyen: el autoritarismo, la orientación a la dominancia social, el conservadurismo y el hetero-estereotipo. Se busca establecer si todas ellas presentan una relación directa, indirecta o nula con el prejuicio. Como resultado se constató el prejuicio racista, se proponen y presentan evaluación del ajuste, de dos modelos predictivos del prejuicio, a los datos obtenidos. El estudio propone un modelo unifactorial y otro bifactorial, ambos con buenos indicadores de bondad de ajuste. Esta investigación cobra relevancia, considerando la situación de ciudad fronteriza de Arica y el aumento de inmigrantes latinoamericanos en los últimos años, hacia Chile.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é examinar a relação entre várias variáveis como preditores de preconceito racista (sutil e manifesto) e propor um modelo de equações estruturais que expressem adequadamente sua relação. Essas variáveis incluem: autoritarismo, orientação ao domínio social, conservadorismo e heteroestereótipo. Ele procura estabelecer se todos eles têm uma relação direta, indireta ou nula com o preconceito. Como resultado, foi encontrado o preconceito racista, e dois modelos de avaliação do preconceito são propostos e apresentam ajuste aos dados obtidos. O estudo propõe um modelo unifatorial e um modelo bifatorial, ambos com bons indicadores de qualidade de ajuste. Esta pesquisa se torna relevante, considerando a situação da cidade fronteiriça de Arica e o aumento de imigrantes latino-americanos nos últimos anos, em direção ao Chile

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between various variables as predictors of racist prejudice (subtle and manifest) and propose a model of structural equations that adequately expresses their relationship. These variables include: authoritarianism, orientation to social dominance, conservatism and hetero-stereotype. It seeks to establish whether all of them have a direct, indirect or null relationship with prejudice. As a result, the racist prejudice was verified, and the evaluation of the data obtained from two predictive models of prejudice is proposed and presented. The study proposes a unifactorial and a bifactorial model, both with good indicators of goodness of fit. This research becomes relevant, considering the situation of the border city of Arica and the increase of Latin American immigrants in recent years, towards Chile.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala verbal de fusión de identidad propuesta por Gómez et al. (2011), en una muestra de migrantes colombianos residentes en tres ciudades diferentes de Chile. El muestreo fue por conveniencia y se encuestaron a 959 participantes, de los cuales 49.3% fueron hombres y 50.7% mujeres, con una edad promedio de 35, 46 años (DE=10.23). Se realizaron estimaciones de fiabilidad, análisis factoriales confirmatorios y modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados dan evidencia de un buen ajuste de la bifactorial estructura de la escala (RMSEA=.069; CFI=.979; TLI=.960), con adecuados niveles estimados de fiabilidad (sentimientos de conexión: α =.92; ω =.93; fuerza recíproca: α=.92; ω=.92). Además, probamos que la escala se relaciona de manera positiva con otras dos variables identitarias: la subescala importancia de la identidad colectiva de la escala de autoestima colectiva de Luhtanen y Crocker (1992), y una escala ad-hoc construida a partir de algunos elementos de la escala de identidad étnica validada por Smith (2002) en Costa Rica. Finalmente, se concluye que las puntuaciones de la escala de fusión de identidad poseen evidencia suficiente para sustentar su uso en investigaciones sobre población migrante colombiana en Chile.

Abstract The objective of the present investigation is to analyze the psychometric properties of the verbal identity fusion scale proposed by Gómez et al. (2011), in a sample of Colombian migrants residing in three different cities in Chile. Sampling was for convenience and 959 participants were surveyed. 49.3% were men and 50.7% were women, with an average age of 35.46 years (SD=10.23). Reliability estimates, confirmatory factor analyzes and structural equations model were made. The results give evidence of a good adjustment of the bifactorial scale structure (RMSEA=.069; CFI=.979; TLI=.960), with adequate estimated levels of reliability (connection: α =.92; ω =.93; reciprocal force: α =.92; ω =.92). In addition, we prove that the scale is positively related to two other identity variables: Importance of the Collective Identity subscale of the Luhtanen & Crocker Collective Self-Esteem Scale (1992), and an ad hoc scale constructed from some elements of the scale of Ethnic Identity validated by Smith (2002) in Costa Rica. Finally, it is concluded that the scores of the identity fusion scale have sufficient evidence to support its use in research on the Colombian migrant population in Chile.

Abstract Background/objective: STIs and HIV/AIDS are an important public health problem, transmitted by risky sex behaviours. In this context, it is necessary to identify protective factors, of those behaviours, as sexual self-concept. Sexual self-concept is a multidimensional trait (i.e. sexual self-esteem; sexual self-efficacy; and sexual assertiveness), but, in an extensive review, we did not find any measure to assess this multidimensional construct in a Spanish-speaking context. The objective of this research is development a scale to assess sexual self-concept in young people and adults. Method: Time-space sampling with a total size of 792 participants, coming from the two Chilean cities (i.e. Arica and Iquique) with the highest HIV rates, aged between 17 and 53 years old (ME = 23.42; SD = 6.33), with 66.2% women (N = 500), 33.6% men (N = 258). Results: Final scale has 16 items and 4 dimensions: sexual self-esteem, sexual self-efficacy, assertive sexual communication, and assertive sexual behaviour. The identified structure provides satisfactory levels of reliability (ω > .8) and presents robust evidence of validity, based on the internal structure of the test, using ESEM (RMSEA = .060; CFI = .99; TLI = .98), evidence of validity based on relationship to other variables (i.e. risky sexual behaviour) and measurement invariance between men and women. Conclusions: The multidimensional scale of sexual self-concept has adequate psychometric properties to assess sexual selfconcept in equivalent samples.

Diseases may severely restrain soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production, especially when crops are grown under management systems and environmental conditions that favor the development and spread of pathogens. This paper reports the results of field trials which were conducted throughout four growing seasons, in order to evaluate the efficiency of different active ingredients and application timings in controlling diseases that affect soybean aerial parts, especially the late-season disease complex and Asian soybean rust. The trials were planted with A 8000 RG, a soybean cultivar from maturity group VIII, in Puesto del Medio, Burruyacú (Tucumán province), and were assessed during the 2007/2008, 2008/2009, 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 growing seasons. Evaluated active ingredients were flutriafol, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, trifloxystrobin + cyproconazole, azoxystrobin + cyproconazole, picoxystrobin + cyproconazole, metominostrobin + tebuconazole, carbendazim + tebuconazole and cyproconazole + difenoconazole. Treatments were applied at R3, R5 or R3+R5 phenological states. Parameters assessed were: disease severity (at R6), foliar persistence (at early R7), crop yield (kg/ha), 1000-seed weight (g), seed emergence and seed infection (%). In the 2007/2008 season, all treatments were superior to the untreated control for disease control, crop yield, and 1000-seed weight. No statistically significant differences were found among treatments for yield and 1000-seed weight in the 2008/2009 season, whereas in the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons the only treatment that differed from the control in crop yield was the azoxystrobin + cyproconazole mix at R5. The trifloxystrobin + cyproconazole (at R3) and azoxystrobin + cyproconazole treatments (both at R3 and R5) differed from the control as regards 1000-seed weight in the 2009/2010 season, but no statistically significant differences were found among treatments in relation to this parameter in the 2010/2011 season. Fungicide applications generally decreased seed fungal infection, improved root emergence and increased crop yield, confirming that there are efficient active ingredients for the management of these diseases.

Las enfermedades de la soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] constituyen un factor limitante de la producción cuando el cultivo se desarrolla bajo sistemas de manejo y condiciones ambientales favorables al desarrollo y dispersión de patógenos que lo afectan. Este trabajo muestra los resultados de cuatro años de evaluación a campo de la eficiencia del control químico de las enfermedades de fin de ciclo y la roya asiática de la soja, utilizando diferentes ingredientes activos y momentos de aplicación. Los ensayos se realizaron sobre A 8000 RG, grupo de maduración VIII, en la localidad de Puesto del Medio, departamento Burruyacú (Tucumán), durante las campañas 2007/2008, 2008/2009, 2009/2010 y 2010/2011. Los ingredientes activos evaluados fueron: flutriafol, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, trifloxistrobin + cyproconazole, azoxistrobina + cyproconazole, picoxistrobin + cyproconazole, metominostrobin + tebuconazole, carbendazim + tebuconazole y cyproconazole + difenoconazole. Se aplicaron en los estadios fenológicos R3, R5 o R3+R5. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: severidad de las enfermedades (en R6), persistencia foliar (a inicios de R7), rendimiento del cultivo (kg/ha), peso de 1000 semillas (g), emergencia radicular (%) y porcentaje de infección en semillas. En la campaña 2007/2008, todos los tratamientos superaron al testigo en rendimiento y peso de 1000 semillas, presentando también menores niveles de enfermedad. No se detectaron diferencias significativas en el rendimiento y peso de 1000 semillas entre los tratamientos durante la campaña 2008/2009. Para las campañas 2009/2010 y 2010/2011, el tratamiento azoxistrobina + cyproconazole en R5 se diferenció del testigo en el rendimiento; en peso de 1000 semillas, trifloxistrobin + cyproconazole (R3) y azoxistrobina + cyproconazole (R3 y R5) se diferenciaron estadísticamente del testigo en la campaña 2009/2010, pero no se observaron diferencias para la campaña 2010/2011. En conclusión, la aplicación de fungicidas disminuyó los porcentajes de patógenos en la semilla, mejoró la emergencia radicular e incrementó los rendimientos de los cultivos, confirmando que existen ingredientes activos eficaces para el manejo de dichas patologías.